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Algorithms

Circuits that have actually been run

Every circuit below was executed on this service, and every one links to a certificate from that exact run. The certificate states how far the result can be from the truth, and zcc-verify recomputes that figure without an account and without calling us.

Fundamentals

The algorithms every course covers. Each one loads in the console with the right engine already chosen, so you can run it without writing code.

Entanglement

GHZ and Bell states

Put every qubit into one entangled state, where measuring any of them decides the rest.

What the run returned

Only all-zeros and all-ones appear. A GHZ state has no odd-parity outcomes, so anything else would be a bug.

clifford3 qubits

Search

Grover's search

Find a marked item in an unstructured set with quadratically fewer queries than checking each one.

What the run returned

The marked state came back on all 1,000 shots. At this size one iteration is exact, so certainty is the correct outcome rather than a lucky run.

clifford2 qubits

Optimization

QAOA for MaxCut

Split a graph so as many edges as possible cross the cut, using a variational circuit.

What the run returned

The two dominant outcomes are the alternating assignments, which are exactly the maximum cuts of a four-node ring.

exact.cpu4 qubits

Chemistry

VQE: the hydrogen molecule

Estimate a molecule's ground-state energy from a parameterized circuit and a Hamiltonian.

What the run returned

Energy of -1.13715 hartree, which is the published ground state of H2 in this basis.

pauli.cpu2 qubits

Where it stops: Two qubits, a tapered Hamiltonian and near-optimal angles supplied. Real chemistry needs a larger active space and the optimization loop that finds those angles.

Oracles

Bernstein-Vazirani

Recover a hidden bitstring in a single query, where a classical algorithm needs one query per bit.

What the run returned

The hidden string came back on all 1,000 shots, in one query rather than the several a classical search would need.

clifford4 qubits

Protocols

Quantum teleportation

Move a state from one qubit to another using entanglement and two classical bits.

What the run returned

The receiving qubit carries the state the sender prepared, and the sender's copy is gone, as the no-cloning theorem requires.

exact.cpu3 qubits

Applied

Work at sizes a laptop cannot reach, where the choice of engine is the whole problem rather than a detail.

Error correction

Error correction: a distance-501 repetition code

Spread one logical bit across 501 physical qubits, measure the parity of every neighbouring pair, and read the syndrome that says where an error landed.

What the run returned

1,001 qubits, run exactly. A single bit-flip was injected on data qubit 137, and precisely the two parity checks straddling it fired, on every shot. The syndrome names the error rather than merely reporting that one occurred.

clifford1,001 qubits

Where it stops: A repetition code catches bit flips and nothing else; a phase flip passes through it unseen. Real codes such as the surface code measure both, at a cost in qubits. This is the mechanism at a scale that makes the point, not a production code.

Why each one carries a certificate

An approximate simulator returns a number and, usually, no indication of how wrong that number might be. Tensor-network and Pauli-propagation methods work by discarding weight as they go, and the amount discarded is measurable. Every run here reports it under an open protocol, so a result you quote is one somebody else can check.

Exact and stabilizer runs report zero truncation, which is why several of the certificates above state a bound of zero. That is a claim about the method, not a claim that shot noise has vanished.